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Introduction: Worrying is one of the anxiety disorders that influences a person's functioning in different areas of education, employment and society. The purpose of this study was to predict the level of worrying based on rumination and meta-cognitive beliefs in students of Kurdistan University.

Methods: In this research, which was done with the correlation method, 143 students were selected and subjected to the study by means of random cluster sampling. Three questionnaires regarding rumination, meta-cognitive beliefs and worrying were used as means of data collection. In this research, rumination and meta-cognitive beliefs were considered as predictors and worrying was considered a dependent variable. The data were analyzed by R Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions analyzes.

Results: The results of the study revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between rumination and worrying (P < 0.01). Also, a significant positive relationship was obtained amongst all factors of meta-cognitive beliefs, except self-cognitive beliefs and worrying (P < 0.01). These factors could account for 40% of the variation in the level of worrying. Regression coefficients with stepwise method for linear combination of meta-cognitive beliefs and rumination with worrying was significant in the levels of less than 0.001.

Conclusions: Rumination and metacognitive beliefs are correlative with student's level of worrying, therefore therapists and counselors should concentrate on reducing people’s level of worrying, reducing rumination and metacognitive beliefs.

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Introduction: Early maladaptive schemas are one of the most important psychological attributes. Also, one of the most important variables related to early maladaptive schemas is anger. The present study is aimed at examining the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and anger rumination in students.
Methods: This study was descriptive-analytic and correlational. The statistical population included all male and female students of the Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, in different fields and different grades during the academic year 2015-2016. Among this population, a total of 378 students (184 girls and 194 boys) were selected from 3 colleges and 5 branches of science, using a random multistage cluster sampling method. After getting the necessary permissions, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and the Anger Rumination Scale (FARS) were respectively used to assess early maladaptive schemas and anger rumination in the students. All the students participated voluntarily, and were allowed to quit the study at any time.
Results: positive correlations were found between the domains of early maladaptive schemas and anger rumination subscales. The stepwise regression analysis indicated that disconnection and rejection, impaired limits, and excessive vigilance or inhibition positively predicted anger rumination. The independent samples t-test revealed a significant difference between male and female students in early maladaptive schemas, but not significant difference was found in anger rumination.
Conclusions: According to the study, we can conclude that early maladaptive schemas explain a high proportion of the variance of anger rumination, and there is a significant gender difference in early maladaptive schemas. We suggest mental health professionals and researchers, especially in student counselling and treatment centers, to consider these findings in their interventions.
 

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Introduction: Insomnia is a prevalent mental disorder in student. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the mediating role of negative repetitive thoughts in the relationship between brain behavioral systems and insomnia severity in students.
Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 210 students of Shahrood University of Technology were selected by stage cluster sampling method. The participants completed BIS/BAS scales (Carver & White, 1994), Penn state worry questionnaire (Meyer et al., 1990), ruminative response scale (Treynor et al., 2003) and insomnia severity index (Bastien et al. 2001). Data were analyzed by SPSS and LISREL software, using Pearson correlation and path analysis.
Results: The result showed that behavioral inhibition system predicted higher negative repetitive thoughts, which, in turn, predicted higher insomnia in students (p<0.05). Also, negative repetitive thoughts mediated the relationship between brain behavioral systems and insomnia severity in students (p<0.05).
Conclusions: The results of this study emphasize the importance of behavioral inhibition system and negative repetitive thoughts in insomnia severity in students. In other words, students with a more sensitive behavioral inhibition system experience more severe insomnia through negative repetitive thoughts.

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Introduction: The presence of mental problems and illnesses during pregnancy, in addition to the pregnant woman, also has a negative effect on the fetus and the prevalence of depression during pregnancy is higher than the general female population. Therefore, present research aimed to determining the relationship between rumination and experiential avoidance with depression during pregnancy. Methods: This study was descriptive from type of correlation. The study population was depressed pregnant women referred to Yas Hospital affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2019 year. Number of 150 people after reviewing the inclusion criteria to research was selected by purposive sampling method. Data were collected with questionnaires of Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow rumination, Bond & et al experiential avoidance and Cox & et al depression during pregnancy and were analyzed by methods of Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with enter model with using SPSS-21 software. Results: The findings showed that rumination (r=0.472) and experiential avoidance (r=0.424) had a positive and significant relationship with depression during pregnancy. Also, the variables of rumination and experiential avoidance were able to explain 28.1% of the changes of depression during pregnancy that the share of rumination was more than experimental avoidance (P<0.01). Conclusions: According to the results, rumination and experimental avoidance had an effective role in predicting depression during pregnancy. Therefore, planning to reduce rumination and experience avoidance in pregnant women through workshops is essential to reduce depression during pregnancy.

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Introduction: Depression in adolescence under the influence of negative cognitions and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies can significantly impair performance and lead to harmful behaviors such as suicide attempts; Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (RFCBT) versus Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on cognitive emotion regulation and negative depression-related beliefs among depressed girls who attempted suicide.
Method: This study was quasi-experimental with a control group and two-month follow-up period. Thirty-three depressed adolescent girls who had referred to the emergency department with suicide attempting from October 23, 2019 to March 5, 2020, after having the inclusion criteria, were selected with targeted sampling method. Then, participants were randomly divided into three groups (two experimental groups of 10 and a control group of 13). One group received RFCBT and the other group received MBCT in ten individual sessions. The Beck Depression Inventory-II, Depression-Related Beliefs Scale and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were employed as research instrument. Analyses of the data were made using SPSS version 16 software followed by analysis of variance with repeated measures.
Results: The finding showed that both methods had a significant effect on reducing depression, depression-related beliefs, maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and increasing adaptive strategies at the time of post-test (p <0.001) and follow-up (p <0.05) compared to pre-test. The results were stable during the two-month follow-up period in each intervention group compared to the post-test period (p> 0.05).
Conclusion: The results support the effectiveness of two methods of rumination-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy without superiority over each other, in better use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and decreasing the negative depression-related beliefs. Therefore, planning for the use of both methods by therapists to improve the psychological health of adolescents with depression is suggested; However, strong conclusions about rumination-focused cognitive behavioral therapy require further research in the future and a larger statistical population.

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Introduction: Workaholism as a negative condition is associated with various individual and social consequences.The aim of present study was to investigate the mediating role of rumination in the relationship between self-esteem and maladaptive perfectionism with workaholism. 
Methods: The research design was descriptive – correlational. From the statistical population of health care workers in public hopitals in Tehran, a total of 316 workers were selected using voluntary sampling method. Data were collected using Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), Workaholism Battery (WorkBAT), Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PNPS) and Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale (RSES). To analyze the data structural equation modeling were conducted.
Results: The results showed that direct effect of self-esteem on rumination (β = -0.44, P<0.001) and direct effect of on workaholism (β= -0.15, P<0.001) were significantly negative. Also, the direct effect of maladaptive perfectionism on rumination (β = 0.37, P<0.001), the direct effect of rumination on workaholism (β= 0.28, P<0.001) and the direct effect of maladaptive perfectionism on workaholism (β = 0.26, p <0.001) were significantly positive. Finally, results of bootstrapping test showed that mediating role of rumination in the relationship between self-esteem (P <0.01) and maladaptive perfectionism (P <0.01) was significant.
Conclusion: The present study emphasizes the mediating role of rumination as an important cognitive mechanism in the relationship between personality factors and workaholism. The findings of this study could help to guide targeted preventions and interventions for workaholism in health care workers. Therefore, paying attention to dysfunctional cognitive mechanisms and modifying them can be a good way to reduce workaholism.

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Introduction: Work-related rumination is the cause of various psychological stresses in nurses and threatens their mental health. The aim of this study was to evaluate work- related rumination and related factors in Iranian nurses working in critical care units.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 182 nurses working in critical care units were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected through work-related demographic information questionnaire and rumination questionnaires (WRRQ) and analyzed using SPSS-v20 software.
Results: Work-related rumination in Iranian nurses working in critical care units was moderate (Mean =42.82). The highest and lowest averages were related to the dimensions of detachment and problem solving pondering, with averages of 15.41 and 13.32, respectively. There was a significant relationship between age, work experience and type of employment with work-related rumination (p <0.05).
Conclusion: Using the results of this study can help health policy makers to improve the effectiveness of designed measures and programs. Designing personal development programs can provide ideal conditions for nurses to grow up and develop and also reduce their exposure to work-related rumination stimuli and their adverse outcomes.
 

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Introduction: the temperamental traits are considered as an important risk factor for conduct disorder and the mechanisms of this relations is not clear. The aim of this study was investigating the mediating role of anger rumination in relations of affective temperaments with symptoms of conduct disorder in adolescents
Methods: The method of this study was descriptive- correlational. The statistical population included all first and second periods of high school students in Urmia city in the 2020-2021 academic years. Two hundred and twenty people were selected by multistage random sampling method and answered to the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ), affective and emotional composite temperaments scale (AFECT) and anger rumination scale (ARS). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling via SmartPLS 3.
Results: The results of structural equation modeling showed that internalized and stalble temperaments has negative direct effect on symptoms of conduct disorder, while the externalised and unstable temperament has positive direct effect on symptoms of conduct disorder. Furthermore, externalized and stable temperaments via negative effect on anger rumination and internalized and unstable temperament via positive effect on rumination have indirect effect on symptoms of conduct disorder (p<0.05).
Conclusion: These results conveals that externalized and unstable temperaments can be act as a risk factor and internalized and stable temperaments can be act as a protective factor for symptoms of concuct disorder. Anger rumination also mediate the relations of affective temperaments with symptoms of conduct disorder.

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Introduction: There is a large body of evidence that suggests a relationship between childhood trauma and psychological distress, but relatively few studies have examined potential mediating factors for this relationship. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of rumination and mindfulness in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychological distress.
Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the research was made up of all people referring to clinics and psychological service centers in Tehran. Among the statistical population, 300 people were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools were: Bernstein et al.'s childhood trauma questionnaire (2003), Nolen-Hoeksema's rumination response scale (1991), Brown & Ryan’s mindfulness assessment scale (2003) and Kessler's psychological distress questionnaire (2003). Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS and AMOS version 23 software were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the research model has a good fit. The coefficients of the direct paths of childhood trauma (T = 8.041, β = 0.262), mindfulness (T = -56.421, β = -0.896) and Rumination (T = 5.519, β = 0.163) were significant on psychological distress. Also, indirect coefficients of traumatic life events through rumination and mindfulness on psychological distress were significant.
Conclusions: The results indicated the mediating role of rumination and mindfulness between childhood trauma experience and psychological distress. The findings of this study provide us with an important clinical concept that rumination and mindfulness should be a goal for the prevention and treatment of psychological distress in victims of childhood trauma.
 
 

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Introduction: Impairments in emotional processing and rumination associated with a traumatic event such as cancer are important factors that may influence the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of memory specificity training on deficits in emotional processing and rumination in cancer patients with PTSD symptoms.
Methods: This research was of experimental type (pre-test-post-test with control group). The statistical population of this research included all patients with a definite diagnosis of cancer and PTSD symptoms who referred to hospitals and medical centers in Tehran in 1402. 30 cancer patients with PTSD symptoms were selected as a sample by available sampling and randomly replaced in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The experimental group underwent memory specificity training one day a week during 6 sessions of 90 minutes, but no intervention was done for the control group. Both groups (control and experimental) before and after the intervention answered the questionnaires of the emotional processing scale-revised Baker et al.'s (2010) and the rumination response scale of Nolen-Hoeksema (1991). To analyze the data, the method of multivariate analysis of covariance was used using SPSS version 28 software.
Results: There was a significant difference between the average post-test scores of the intervention group and the control group, so that the memory specificity training significantly led to a reduction in the deficits in emotional processing and rumination in the intervention group (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Memory specificity training to reduce cognitive and emotional symptoms in cancer patients with PTSD symptoms is a short-term and cost-effective treatment that reduces cognitive and emotional symptoms by increasing memory specificity. Therefore, it is recommended as an effective intervention to reduce cognitive and emotional problems of cancer patients with PTSD symptoms.
 

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Introduction: Considering the prevalence and consequences of non-suicidal self-injury, it is necessary to identify and treat the mechanisms involved in NSSI. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy specifically targets mechanisms thought to be involved in the initiation and maintenance of NSSI; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on alexithymia, experiential avoidance and rumination in people with non-suicidal self-injury.
Methods: The current study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. Among the people referring to the clinics and counseling centers in Tehran, 30 people who had the highest score in the non-suicidal self-injury questionnaire were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups and The control group (15 people) was replaced. The experimental group received 8 sessions of Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, but the control group did not receive any specific intervention. The research tools were: nonsuicidal self-injury questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, Ruminative Response Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 software and Multivariate analysis of covariance analysis method.
Results: The results indicate the significant effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing alexithymia, experiential avoidance and rumination in people with non-suicidal self-injury in the post-test stage (P<0.05).
Conclusions: mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, by directly addressing the mechanisms involved in the initiation and maintenance of non-suicidal self-injury, offers great promise as a transdiagnostic therapy that can be a successful intervention for individuals who engage in self-injurious behaviors. Therefore, according to the obtained findings, therapists can use this intervention to reduce alexithymia, experiential avoidance and rumination in people with non-suicidal self-injury.
 
 

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Introduction: Earthquake and people's reaction to it can have long-term psychological consequences. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural relationships between earthquake trauma experience and suicidal thoughts with the mediation of mindfulness and rumination.
Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional correlational study. The statistical population of this research included all people over 18 years of age living in Sarpol Zahab city who experienced the November 2017 earthquake. Among them, 320 people were selected using convenience sampling method. To collect data, Traumatic Exposure Severity Scale, The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and Ruminative Response Scale were used. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software were used.
Results: The results indicated the fit of the intended model and the experience of earthquake trauma with the mediating role of rumination and mindfulness explained a total of 61% of the variance of suicidal thoughts. The obtained results indicated the indirect effect of the earthquake trauma experience variable on suicidal thoughts through the mediating role of rumination (p<0.05, b=0.51). Also, the obtained results showed the indirect effect of the earthquake trauma experience variable on suicidal thoughts through the mediating role of mindfulness (P < 0.05, b = -0.62).
Conclusions: The findings of this research indicate the importance of mindfulness and rumination structures as an essential clinical concept in preventive and therapeutic interventions related to suicidal thoughts in people with earthquake experience. Future research can take an important step in preventing and treating problems related to suicidal thoughts by adding clinical interventions that aim to pay attention to mindfulness and rumination.
 
 

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Introduction: It seems that the symptoms of scary dreams followed by rumination are experienced more among female heads of households than other women due to high psychological pressure. Based on this, the research was carried out with the aim of determining the effectiveness of light inactivation therapy on reflective performance and mindfulness of female heads of households.
Methods: The research method was a two-group semi-experimental design with a pre-test and a post-test with a control group. The statistical population of female heads of the household was a member of the welfare department of Isfahan province in the spring and summer of 1402. From the aforementioned statistical population, 40 people were selected voluntarily through the available method and then randomly assigned to 2 experimental and control groups (20 people in each group). The tools of this research included Yousefi's Scary Dreams Questionnaire (1394) and Yousefi's Rumination Questionnaire (1387). Light inactivation training was carried out in 8 sessions of 90 minutes. The collected data were analyzed at two levels, descriptive and inferential, with social science statistical software version 26.
Results: The mean and deviation of the symptoms of fearful dreams and rumination in the experimental group separately in the pre-test equal to (46.95 ± 11.27), (53.90 ± 25.56) and in the post-test equal to (31.65 ± 9.36), was (23.80 ± 18.11). Also, in the control group, in the pre-test it was equal to (44.15 ± 13.41), (54.30 ± 20.93) and in the post-test, it was equal to (44.85 ± 12.93), (56.45 ± 20.87) ) was The results indicate that the light inactivation training on the symptoms of fearful dreams and rumination of female heads of the household in the post-test phase (p<0.05) and the effects of the training in the follow-up phase (p<0.05) also remained.
Conclusions: Based on the findings obtained from the present study, it can be concluded that the training of light deactivation therapy as a psychological intervention can be used to reduce the symptoms of fearful dreams and rumination among female heads of the household.