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Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic and degenerative disease related to the central nervous system that causes depression in patients. Peer group can better encourage their peers to select the appropriate behavior. This study aimed to determine the impact of peer-led education on depression of multiple sclerosis patients in 2011. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed by selecting 110 multiple sclerosis patients and allocation of randomized two groups of tests and control groups (each group included55 patients).The MS Society of Iran was the research environment. After preparing the peer group, six training sessions were held during six weeks by peer group for the test group. Data collection tool was a questionnaire named Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess patients’ depression this was completed by both groups before and4months after the program. The data were analyzed using SPSS v.16 software and chi-square test, paired T and independent T. Results: There was no significant difference in depression score between two groups before intervention but the difference was shown significant between two groups after intervention using independent t test (P=0.001). Pair t test showed a significant difference in the depression reduction in the test group after peer group performance (P=0.000), whereas the same test showed no significant difference in the control group. Conclusion: Peer-led education caused depression reduction in patients with MS. Hence use of this teaching method in multiple sclerosis and patients with chronic diseases is recommended.

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Title: the effect of orientation tour with angiography procedure on anxiety and satisfaction of patients undergoing coronary angiography Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death worldwide. Despite medical treatment, some patients require coronary angiography for diagnosis of coronary artery occlusion and this is the most definitive diagnostic procedure. Angiography large effect on patient’s anxiety and satisfaction with the treatment and care of patients are affected. This study aimed to the effect of orientation tour on anxiety and satisfaction of patient candidates for coronary angiography procedures. Methods: In this experimental study, 148 patients were recruited by convenience sampling. Patients allocated into two groups with block randomization. Patients in Intervention group, in addition to routine training, orientation tour in the angiography unit were taken too. Anxiety was measured in all patients during admission, before surgery and discharge time the satisfaction was measured in discharge time too. Collection instrument was demographic data, Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory and the Visual Analogue Scale. Data were analyzed by Chi-square and independent t-test with SPSS Ver.20. Results: The mean anxiety scores between the two groups showed no significant difference (p=0/756). In the intervention group, anxiety scores were significantly decreased compared with the control group (p<0/001). The mean patient satisfaction score at discharge was higher in the intervention group than in the control group, this difference was statistically significant (p<0/001). Conclusions: Angiography orientation tour in patients candidate to coronary angiography reduce anxiety and increase patient satisfaction, therefore this educational approach in patients undergoing coronary angiography were recommended.

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Introduction: Body dysmorphia (BDD) is a psychiatric illness experienced by up to 20% of patients requesting cosmetic surgery. BDD should be searched out and recognized by the plastic surgeon. This study aimed todetermine the prevalence of Prevalence of body dysmorphia and psychological disorders relatives in cosmetic rhinoplasty volunteer. Method: In the cross-sectional study first 400 patients who referred for treatment to a clinic surgery in Hamedan city in 2009 were selected by convenience sampling and clinical interview with criteria DSM-IV to assess BDD. In the next phase, patients with body dysmorphia were assessed with MMPI questionnaire and clinical interview to identify otherrelative mental disorders. Data analyzed were descriptive statistical. Results: 21 patients had body dysmorphia disorder whose mean and standard deviation of MMPI questionnaire were hypochondrias is 6.14(3.32), Depression 9.85(4.30), hysteria 12.28(3.45), antisocial 9(4), paranoia 5.33(2.31), Psychatseni 9.57(4.33), schizophrenia 9(5) and hypomania 5.66(3.16).

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Introduction: Cancer is one of the most common chronic diseases whose caregivers are confronted with related problems to caring and treating the cancer patients. Caregiver burden, which is resulted from the negative impact of living with the cancer patient along with inappropriate use of coping strategies, which could lead to rejection diagnosis, can be accounted as the reasons of why the treatment and health would be impaired. The present study was aimed to determine the relationship between caregiver burden and coping strategies of caregivers of cancer patients. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 133 caregivers of cancer patients who referred to Gorgon's 5th Azar Educative and Therapeutic Center were selected via Census sampling method. Data were gathered by three-part questionnaire, including demographics checklist, caregiver burden and coping strategies questionnaire. In order to analyze the collected data, SPSS V. 16 software with descriptive statistics was applied also, the analysis of variance and logistic regression were conducted. In addition, statistical significance was defined as p< 0.05. Results: mean and standard deviation of caregivers' age was 35.73±14.31. And, 50.4% of all the participants were male. Based on the results taken from multivariate model of logistic regression, high care demand (OR=0.403, %95 CI: 0.227 - 0.714) and higher rate of emotional coping strategies use (OR=1.09, %95CI: 1.04 - 1.15) have significant correlation with caregiver burden. Conclusion: Caregivers who have less caregiver burden are those who use problem-focused coping strategies methods more. Therefore, to reduce the caregiver burden of caregivers, appropriate methods of coping strategies should be taught to the caregivers.

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Introduction: Thalassemia is a chronic genetic disease which similar to any other chronic illnesses it influences people’s psychological state. And they can be at the risk of getting depression. This study was designed to examine the impact of Partnership Care Model on Depression of Adolescent with β-thalassemia. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed by selecting 60 Adolescents with β-thalassemia whom were randomly selected and classified into two groups of intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups in Shaheed Dastgheyb Hospital in Shiraz. The partnership care model of 4 main steps of orientation, sensitization, control and evaluation in the experimental group was administered for 3 months. Data collection tool was Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 questionnaire that assessed adolescents’ depression before and after 3 months which was completed by both groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS v.16 and chi-square, t-tests and paired t-test. Results: There was no significant difference in depression score between two groups before intervention p= (0/532). But the difference was shown significant between two groups after intervention using independent t test P = (0/0001). Pair t test showed a significant difference in the depression reduction in the test group after the intervention P= (0.001), whereas the mean depression score of the control group showed more reduction after the intervention than before the intervention, however the difference wasn’t significant p= (0/621). Conclusion: Applying partnership care model can reduce level of depression in adolescents with β-thalassemia. Therefore, it is recommended to use this model to reduce depression in adolescent with β-thalassemia..

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Introduction: Hysterectomy is one of the common gynecological operations in women, which operation is accompanied by several postoperative complications and gives birth to many anxieties and troubles in patients. Such an operation may cause disorder in female roles and their sexual identity and, finally, complicates their adaptation process. Purpose of this study was determined of the effect of applying problem-solving skill on social adaptation in post-hysterectomy women. Methods: the present research was a semi-experimental study with the “Pretest - Posttest” plan. Sample size consists of 60 women who underwent hysterectomy surgery operation in Imam Reza Hospital of Kermanshah in 2013-2014 selected on availability basis and were put in study and control groups in a random allocation style. In control group, intervention was done on the basis of applying problem-solving skill in 6-member groups for the period of 6 sessions, but routine care method was used in control group. Social-adaptation Inventory was filled before intervention and then one month after intervention through self-reporting method. Data analysis was performed with the help of SPSS, Descriptive Statistics, and Chi-Square, Paired Samples T Test and Independent T Test. Results: results represented that 60 percent of reported units in age group 41-50 were at the educational level of high school diploma or below it, 96.6 percent were households, 92.4 had husband, and 60 percent were not in menopausal period. Comparison of the average score of social adaptation in both groups before and after intervention did not prove existence of significant difference (t=-0.04, p= 0.96), while after intervention the social adaptation score was 69.5±2.4 in study group and 139.5±4.2 in control group that the difference was significant in terms of statistics (t=-86.5, P<0.001). Conclusion: social adaptation is subject to change in post-hysterectomy patients and we may help them via applying problem-solving skill to improve their social adaptation.

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Introduction: Postpartum depression in fathers is one of the major problems in the postpartum period, which causes numerous side effects including disturbance in family relationships, which in turn has a negative effect on child growth and development. This research aimed to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression in fathers as well as its predisposing factors.

Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on 144 eligible fathers, whose spouses referred to receive postpartum care at health centers of Arak city during year 2013. Random cluster sampling was done in different areas of Arak. Demographic characteristics form and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS) were used to collect data. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 16 software, using descriptive and inferential statistics (X² and logistic regression).

Results: Results showed that rate of prevalence of postpartum depression among fathers was 45.8%. The X² test showed that economic situation was a significant matter related to depression outbreak in fathers (P = 0.001). This test also demonstrated that problems with the spouse’s family was a prognosticative factor (P = 0.05). Other variables showed no relationships with paternal depression (P > 0.05).

Conclusions: Postpartum depression in fathers is relatively common so it is suggested to prevent it by controlling predisposing factors and treating symptoms in early phases.

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Introduction: The families of caregivers of patients with mental illnesses have numerous stresses, experience moderate to high burden, and often receive inadequate professional support from the mental health team. Effective family functioning in these families may be influenced by a variety of psychosocial factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social support and general health in family caregivers of patients with mental illnesses.

Methods: In this correlational study, 199 family caregivers of patients with mental illnesses were selected by convenience sampling from Farshchian Psychiatry Hospital in Hamedan, during year 2015. The data were collected using demographic, Fillips Social Support, and General Health questionnaires. Data were analyzed by descriptive and spearman regression correlation.

Results: the results indicated that social support in 45.7% of the subjects was undesirable and general health in 89.9% was weak. There was a significant relationship between these 2 variables (P = 0.001). The friends interfering domain was more undesirable than the other domains of social support. Individual life health domain was weaker than other domains of general health. The supportive interfering domain from the general health domains had the greatest correlation with social support (P = 0.001).

Conclusions: General health was related to social support. Thus, altering the policies with the objective of increasing social support, especially for the family of caregivers of patients with mental illnesses, could result in the promotion of their health and well-being.

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Introduction: Early maladaptive schemas are one of the most important psychological attributes. Also, one of the most important variables related to early maladaptive schemas is anger. The present study is aimed at examining the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and anger rumination in students.
Methods: This study was descriptive-analytic and correlational. The statistical population included all male and female students of the Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, in different fields and different grades during the academic year 2015-2016. Among this population, a total of 378 students (184 girls and 194 boys) were selected from 3 colleges and 5 branches of science, using a random multistage cluster sampling method. After getting the necessary permissions, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and the Anger Rumination Scale (FARS) were respectively used to assess early maladaptive schemas and anger rumination in the students. All the students participated voluntarily, and were allowed to quit the study at any time.
Results: positive correlations were found between the domains of early maladaptive schemas and anger rumination subscales. The stepwise regression analysis indicated that disconnection and rejection, impaired limits, and excessive vigilance or inhibition positively predicted anger rumination. The independent samples t-test revealed a significant difference between male and female students in early maladaptive schemas, but not significant difference was found in anger rumination.
Conclusions: According to the study, we can conclude that early maladaptive schemas explain a high proportion of the variance of anger rumination, and there is a significant gender difference in early maladaptive schemas. We suggest mental health professionals and researchers, especially in student counselling and treatment centers, to consider these findings in their interventions.
 

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Introduction: Nursing students experience a lot of stress during their education, which is associated with psychological symptoms, such as anxiety, stress, and depression. The aim of this study was to examine depression, anxiety, stress, and associated factors among undergraduate nursing students in Hamadan Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 342 undergraduate nursing students from Hamedan University of Medical Sciences were selected with the Census sampling method, during year 2017. The data collection tool was a questionnaire of 21 questions for measuring stress, anxiety and depression, and a demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software and descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The sample consisted of 165 (48.2%) male and 177 (51.8%) female students. The mean (SD) age was 21.77 ± 3.11 years. Overall, 52 (15.2%) students of the first semester and 220 (64.3%) were residents of the dormitory. The findings showed that the mean and standard deviation of students' scores in the dimensions of stress, anxiety, and depression were, respectively, 8.39 ± 6.27, 4.99 ± 5.24, and 5.39 ± 6.22. In other words, 21.9% of the respondents reported mild to extremely severe symptoms of depression, 16.1% stress, and 28.7% anxiety. Also, there was no significant relationship between the scores of psychological symptoms and age, educational term, and dwelling place, yet there was a significant relationship between the level of anxiety and gender; the level of anxiety in females was higher than that of males, and there was no significant relationship between stress and depression, and gender.
Conclusions: Depression, anxiety, and stress are highly prevalent among undergraduate nursing students. Planning for the promotion of mental health with the aim of prevention and timely therapeutic interventions in nursing students' education is essential.
 

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Introduction: One of the main goals of treatment in patients with mental disorders is compliance with drug therapy because non-compliance of the drug causes relapse of the disease and disrupts the treatment process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pharmacotherapy training on drug availability in patients with mental disorders.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 80 patients with Mental Disorders diagnosed in Farshchian Hospital in Hamadan, Iran, from October to February 2017 participated. Participants in the study were randomly divided into two experimental (40) and control (40) groups. In the intervention group, medication education was administered in four sessions of an hour in group (each group of 10). The control group received routine nursing care. Patients' adherence with drug therapies was checked by using the checklist for observing drug compliance before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software version 24.
Results: The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of personal characteristics (P > 0.05). Mean and standard deviation of drug compliance score before and after intervention in experimental group was 0.55 ± 4.03 and control group was1.50 ± 4.34, which did not show significant difference (P = 0.306). After the intervention, the difference in mean and standard deviation of drug adherence score was statistically significant in the experimental group (5.02 ± 3.27) and control (1.17 ± 3.53) (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Medication education interventions have had a positive effect on drug dependence in patients with psychiatric disorders. Therefore, it is suggested that more attention be paid to educating patients about nursing care in nursing care programs.

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Introduction: With emotional intelligence, man regulates his life and takes less risky behaviors. A nurse does not only need knowledge and skills; it is also important to deal with different people. Emotional intelligence helps people to think harder under better conditions and have more effective communication with others. Therefore, this study examines the effect of emotional intelligence training on improving communication skills among nursing students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: The present study was a semi-experimental design with pre and post design. The statistical population of the study consisted of 96 nursing students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences selected by random sampling method in 2016. The communication skills were measured before and after education using the Quinn Livestock Communication Skills Questionnaire over the course of 8 consecutive weeks in 90-minute sessions. To analyze the data, these tests were used: mean and standard deviation, paired t-test and independent t-test. The SPSS software was used to analyze the data.
Results: The mean of self-reported score of Communication Skills of students before education was 111.44 and after education was 123.30. The highest score related to the skill component was to receive and send the message and the lowest score related to the skill of communication with decisiveness. There was a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and communication skills and its components (P <0.01). Findings showed that emotional intelligence training had a significant effect on
Improving communication skills and its components (P <0.01).
Conclusion: Considering that increased emotional intelligence is an effective way to improve the communication skills of nursing students, it is suggested that emotional intelligence education be considered in the field of medical sciences.

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Introduction: Psychological and supportive factors are two contributing factors to problems in people with bipolar disorder, so this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of action for personal development in the relationship self-disclosure with codependency in Men with bipolar disorder type 1: path analysis model done.
Methods: The research method was a descriptive correlation based on path analysis. The study population included all people with bipolar disorder at Psychiatric disorders treatment centers in Sari in 2020. To estimate the sample size based on Klein's (2010) the method, 74 questions in three questionnaires, and 3 coefficients with overestimation of 250 patients were selected according to inclusion criteria. The Self-Disclosure Questionnaire of Snell, et al (2001), the codependency Questionnaire of Hughes-Hummer, et al (1998), and the action for personal development Questionnaire Robitschek of (1998) were used. Data analysis was performed by path analysis. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 and 23Amos software.
Results: The results showed that there is a significant correlation between the variables of action for personal development and self-disclosure with the codependency at 0.01 level. Overall, direct, and indirect paths predicted 63% of the codependency variable by self-disclosure and action for personal development variables.
Conclusion: This study confirms the essential role of supportive factors in the treatment of bipolar patients that can provide practical implications for expensive therapies.

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Backgrounds: Lack of social skills affects interpersonal relationships, personality development and adaptation of the child to the environment. Meanwhile, the mother is a member of the family that plays the most effective role in educating the child. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between motherschr('39') parenting styles and social skills of primary school pupils in Bushehr (1398).
Method: In this cross-sectional study, 550 mothers of students from 16 public and non-profit primary schools in Bushehr were randomly selected by cluster sampling method. Data were collected using Bamrind Parenting Style Questionnaires and Matson Social Skills Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with the help of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics tests of univariate and multivariate regression analysis at a significance level below 0.05.
Results: The results showed that among the three parenting styles, authoritative parenting style had a direct and significant relationship with social skills (P = 0.004, β = 0.135). The level of education (the fatherchr('39')s academic degree) had a significant reverse relationship with the childchr('39')s social skills (P = 0.004, β = -0.266).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that authoritative parenting style, because it is based on maintaining limitations with moderation, interaction and intimacy, leads to appropriate levels of independence and two-way communication between the child and parents. The results of this study can draw the attention of community and family public health planners and implementers to the important role that motherschr('39') parenting style has in promoting childrenchr('39')s social skills.

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Introduction: Fear of emergence in society and social discourse is one of the most common types of social fears and this disorder is recognized as a multifaceted disorder. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of virtual reality package on social panic and social lectures.
Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a two-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of managers of the IT department in Tehran in 2020, from which 30 people were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups of experimental (15 people) and control (15 people). The experimental group underwent a virtual reality treatment protocol for 12 sessions (15 minutes each session). But no intervention was done for the control group. Both groups responded to Conner et al.'s (2000) list of social phobias at different stages. Analysis of variance mixed with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc tests using SPSS software version 23 were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that the virtual reality package was able to fear (F = 23.08; P <0.001), avoidance (F = 13.590; P <0.001), physiological discomfort (F = 23.88; 001 P <0.05) and social phobia in general (F = 67.54; P <0.001) significantly improved and the results were lasting in the follow-up period (P <0.05).
Conclusions: The results showed the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy protocol in reducing social phobia and social speech symptoms. Therefore, this method can be used as a new treatment method to treat social phobia and other similar disorders.

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Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy and mentalization-based therapy on emotional dysregulation, defense mechanisms and insecure attachment styles in women who have experienced the trauma of marital infidelity.
Method: the method of the present study was quasi- experimental with pre- test, post- test, No follow-up period.  From 25 to 45 years old women with have experienced the trauma of marital infidelity in Karaj in 2021, 45 people were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to three group received (15 people in each group). The research tool included a scale of Adult Attachment Styles, the Emotion Regulation Difficulty Scale, and the Defensive Style Questionnaire. On group received short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy (15 sessions of one and a half hours). And one group received mentalization-based therapy (20 sessions of one and a half hours). The control group was placed on a waiting list and did not receive any intervention during the study.
Results: the results showed that both interventions had a significant effect on emotional dysregulation, defense mechanisms and insecure attachment styles compared to the control group. The results also showed that mentalization-based therapy is more significant in reducing underdeveloped defense styles than short-term intensive psychotherapy.
Conclusion: the results showed that in addition to the effectiveness of both treatments in the mentioned components, but mentalization-based therapy, in competition with short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy is more significant in reducing underdeveloped defense styles.

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Introduction: As a worldwide pandemic, COVID-19 has led to low quality of life for patients and many psychological disorders, particularly among patients with coronavirus. Accordingly, this study aimed at Predictors of Corona Anxiety in patients with COVID-19.
Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study. 119 patients with covid-19 were included in the study using the convenient sampling method that was eligible (inclusion criteria: having covid-19, ability to complete the questionnaire, reading and writing literacy and exclusion criteria: inability to participate in the study, incomplete questionnaire). The subjects filled out the online questionnaires, including Templer's Death Anxiety Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS), and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression through SPSS v.22 software.
Results: There is a significant negative correlation between corona anxiety and death anxiety (r=-0.209, P<0.05) and between corona anxiety with worry (r=0.283, P<0.01). There was a positive and significant correlation between corona anxiety and depression (r=0.344 r, P<0.01). The results of regression analysis showed that depression (β=0.303, P<0.001), worry (β=0.236, P<0.006) and death anxiety (β=0.233, P<0.008) are the most effective predictors of Corona anxiety.
Conclusion: The findings showed that depression, worry and death anxiety are the main predictors of Corona anxiety and psychological interventions should be more focused to solve these issues.

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Background: Suicide is of the most important indices of mental health in society and specifically among youth that related to different components. Thus, this study was designed to explore the relationship of suicidality with self-criticism and depression among Bachelors’ nursing students in Hamadan University of medical Sciences.
Method: in this correlational-cross sectional study, 371 students from Nursery school, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences randomly assigned. Gathering data instruments were demographic characteristics questionnaire, Beck’ Suicidal Thoughts Scale, Self-critiquing levels scale, and Beck Depression scale that filled them out by the participants.  We gathered the data by SPSS 22 and analyzed the descriptive statistics (Mean and Standard Deviation) and inferential (Pearson Correlation Coefficient and multi variate regression).
Results: The Findings of the study showed that there was strong and significant relationship between suicidality and depression (p<0.001). Furthermore, in multivariate regression analysis, depression significantly was predictive of suicidality (p<0.001), but between suicidality with self- critiquing, there was no significant relationship (p>0.05) and in multi variate regression, self- critiquing variable significantly was predictive of suicidality (p<0.05). Conclusion: the results of the study show that suicidality among Bachelor’s Nursery students is high significant that related to depression and self-critiquing. The evaluation of student mental health and administering mental health interventions for those students are most significant.